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Table 1. Inflammatory and other cellular markers that have been evaluated in clinical studies to assess association with CVD clinical outcomes
| Marker |
Studies Have Been Conducted on Population Without Known CAD* |
Laboratory Method |
Clinical Outcome Predicted |
| C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) |
Yes |
Latex-particle enhanced immunoassay |
MI, RV, stroke, death |
| Matrix Metalloproteinase9 (MMP-9) |
No |
ELISA |
Death |
| Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (sICAM-1) |
Yes |
ELISA |
MI, stroke, death |
| Soluble Vascular Cellular Adhesion Mollecule-1 (sVCAM-1) |
No |
ELISA |
MI, stroke, death |
| Soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) |
Yes |
ELISA |
MI, stroke, death |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) |
Yes |
ELISA |
MI, death |
| Interleukin-18 (IL-18) |
No |
ELISA |
MI, death |
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) |
No |
Quantitative enzyme immunoassay |
MI, death |
| Soluble CD40L (immunomodulator) |
Yes |
ELISA |
MI, stroke, death |
All of these markers have been studied in populations with known CAD.
CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; RV: revascularization; ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
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